Showing posts with label Morazes. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Morazes. Show all posts

Monday, December 15, 2008

"A Journey in the "Healing of Memories" -- by Jennifer Lynne Morazes

“Comfort, O comfort my people, says your God.
Speak tenderly to Jerusalem, and cry to her” (Isaiah 40:1).

As I previously wrote, I traveled to South Africa this past July to attend an international social work conference and to visit some agencies working with people who are recovering from trauma. One of the places I visited in the Capetown area was the Institute for the Healing of Memories. Shortly after the trip, I was invited to attend one of their trainings in California.

On November 7-8 at the Wright Institute in Berkeley, CA, I attended a “Healing of Memories” workshop led by Fr. Michael Lapsley. Fr. Lapsley – an Anglican priest who is originally from New Zealand - came to South Africa in 1993 and subsequently worked against apartheid with the African National Congress (ANC). He lost both hands and an eye from a letter bomb delivered as a result of his political activities. His “Healing of Memories” work is in part inspired by his personal journey of healing and wholeness. His experience and the experience of those living in South Africa post-apartheid is a reminder that the personal and political intersect in experiences of brokenness as well as of recovery. As the website states about the “Healing of Memories” workshops:


“At the time of South Africa’s Truth and Reconciliation Commission (1996 to 1997), it was obvious that only a minority of South Africans would have the opportunity to tell their story before the Truth Commission. It was argued that platforms needed to be provided for all South Africans to tell their stories and be heard compassionately. The Healing of Memories workshops were run as a parallel process to the Commission - to facilitate reconciliation between the racial groups and to heal psychological wounds, making it possible for individuals to contribute effectively towards the reconstruction of South Africa. The workshops were also used to further support those who became overwhelmed by strong emotions while testifying.”
The workshop in Berkeley occurred three days after car horns, singing and all-night parties marked the historic election of Barack Hussein Obama to the 44th term of the United States’ presidency. As the workshop began, Fr. Lapsley asked our group of twenty assembled to put aside our professional identities for those two days, and to focus on where we personally we required healing. As many of us attending were mental health professionals and healers, it was a challenge to focus only upon ourselves. The first question he asked of the group concerned our reactions to the events of that past week. Yes, it is true that as a group we expressed hope and happiness, but we also expressed fears and anger, particularly over the safety of our President-elect, economic hardships and the passage of Proposition 8.

It was powerful to me how - over those two days - the fears and hopes we talked about personally in our small groups converged with our collective identity. Stories of strained family relationships, economic turmoil, oppression and abuse gave way to conversations about steps for the future. As a nation, we face a similar time: a time which President-elect Obama has described as a “Defining Moment.” We have reached this “defining moment” through a combination of great challenges and the promise of opportunity - a truly Christic moment where the Cross and the Resurrection converge.

The beginning of Advent has started us as Christians on the path again toward Easter. As Fr. Lapsley encouraged us to do in Berkeley, this season is a great opportunity to reflect and to pray. Where can I bring about healing in my own life? What role can I play in the healing of this nation and other nations? As Fr. Lapsley commended to all of us, “The message of the Healing of Memories is to acknowledge that it is time to lay aside that which is destructive, and embrace that which is life-giving.” God, allow us to discern where these areas reside for us, for yes, it is time.

Jenn Morazes is a graduate of Episcopal Divinity School in the area of Theology and Contemporary Society. Currently studying in the School of Social Welfare in the MSW/PhD program at the University of California, Berkeley. Jenn has studied and performed community work in both Mexico and Southern Africa and also participated in the Young Adult Stewards Programme with the World Council of Churches in Geneva, Switzerland. She has also served as an anti-racism trainer for the national Episcopal Church. Her current clinical work and research focuses on the impact of trauma on particular communities locally and internationally, as well as homelessness,wealth distribution and the role of faith communities in social development.

Saturday, August 23, 2008

"What Will Become of Our Dreams? An Initial Report from A Trip to the IASSW Global Social Work Conference in Durban, South Africa" -- by Jenn Morazes

Genesis 37: 19 – 20

19 They said to one another, "Here comes this dreamer. 20 Come now, let us kill him and throw him into one of the pits; then we shall say that a wild animal has devoured him, and we shall see what will become of his dreams."

Matthew 14:28-33
28 Peter answered him, "Lord, if it is you, command me to come to you on the water." 29 He said, "Come." So Peter got out of the boat, started walking on the water, and came toward Jesus. 30 But when he noticed the strong wind, he became frightened, and beginning to sink, he cried out, "Lord, save me!" 31 Jesus immediately reached out his hand and caught him, saying to him, "You of little faith, why did you doubt?" 32 When they got into the boat, the wind ceased. 33 And those in the boat worshiped him, saying, "Truly you are the Son of God."

In our day-to-day lives, walking on water is the stuff of dreams. However, the everyday endeavors of reconciliation and social development aims of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) require vision and faith, and many times also include expressions of anger and doubt.

I have found myself straddling the professional worlds of “secular” social work/welfare and faith-based social action. I’ve witnessed that the viewpoints of international social work and faith informed mission share many of the same stated goals – affirming the dignity and worth of all people, emphasizing the importance of human relationships, employing an empowerment mindset, social justice.

Due to this overlap, I traveled to Durban, South Africa at the end of July to participate in a biennial international social work gathering called the International Association of Schools of Social Work. As part of the conference, I delivered a talk on the importance of faith-based organizations and their participation in social development. South Africa was a perfect setting for the issue of social development, as faith-based organizations such as Hope Africa as well as the government social work agencies (such as the South Africa Department of Social Development) have all adopted the social development model as their service lens. There were 1,500 delegates in attendance at this conference, from Africa, Asia, North America, Central America, South America, Europe, the Middle East, Australia, and many island nations.

Gathering at the International Convention Centre (ICC) in Durban, the energy contained both vision and doubt. Many – most notably participants from many African countries – sought to abandon defeatist mindsets and see themselves as leaders who were transforming African economic landscapes. For example, Tracie Rogers from the University of the West Indies (Republic of Trinidad and Tobago) and Maud Mthembu Mhlongo (South Africa Sinikithemba) talked with palpable enthusiasm about their economic projects which addressed the life situations of people with HIV/AIDS in their regions, including an internationally touring choir. These women were truly examples of dreams which helped others around them to “walk on water”!

However, participants also talked about the many challenges of social development in local contexts. For example, one clinician named Francine Davies of WITS University described trauma and violence as “The South African Pandemic” and one of the main clinical barriers to development faced by South Africans. In the session on Social Development given by Leila Patel, social workers from around Africa expressed frustration concerning lack of support and resources. The rooms at times were also filled with doubt, and perhaps even a wish to throw all the dreamers into “one of the pits”!

Dr. Leila Patel was herself for me an example of a visionary – someone who even in the face of adversity has continued to work positively for change in her country. She was under house arrest during apartheid, and during the Mandela government she authored the "white paper" which instituted social development as the official government approach to inequality and poverty in her country. Her intellect, creditability and unfailing sense of humor disarmed much of the frustration in the room. And, though some are working through anger and doubt, the participants at this conference affirmed their desire to work for change not only in their local contexts, but also through dialogue in North-South Relationships. I’ve since read that even the fact that the conference was held in South Africa has buoyed the morale of many African social workers. For me, the conference has continued to show me that both doubt and faith live simultaneously in the work God calls us to perform. What will become of our dreams? May hope prevail in our hearts and in our relationships with others!

Jenn Morazes is a graduate of Episcopal Divinity School in the area of Theology and Contemporary Society. She is currently studying in the School of Social Welfare in the MSW/PhD program at the University of California, Berkeley. Jenn has studied and performed community work in both Mexico and Southern Africa and also participated in the Young Adult Stewards Programme with the World Council of Churches in Geneva, Switzerland. She has also served as an anti-racism trainer for the national Episcopal Church. Her current clinical work and research focuses on the impact of trauma on particular communities locally and internationally, as well as homelessness,wealth distribution and the role of faith communities in social development.

Thursday, July 17, 2008

"On the Way to Durban" -- by Jennifer Morazes

Hi Everyone – This Friday July 18th, I am off to Durban, South Africa to participate in the 34th Biannual Congress of the International Association of Schools of Social Work (IASSW). I will present a paper called Partnering with Faith Communities: International Social Welfare Cooperation Supporting the Millennium Development Goals. I will also visit friends in Capetown (members of the Anglican Student Federation) and see my godson and his newborn brother! Finally, I hope to visit the Trauma Centre and the Institute for the Healing of Memories while in Capetown.

The movement of faith-based approaches to poverty, health, education and peace on a global scale is resurging, thanks in part to organizations like EGR. I have been aware personally of various Christian and Islamic faith-based efforts. If you are interested in knowing more about this topic, I would recommend looking at the World Faiths Development Dialogue, as well as two books by Katherine Marshall – Mind, Heart and Soul in the Fight against Poverty and Development and Faith: Where Mind, Heart and Soul Work Together. In the second book, Marshall talks about Five Talents as well as quotes Sabina Alkire and Edmund Newell’s book What Can One Person Do? Faith to Heal a Broken World.

I hope to send in a blog entry while in South Africa – stay tuned!

Jennifer Morazes is graduate of Episcopal Divinity School in the area of Theology and Contemporary Society. Currently studying in the School of Social Welfare in the MSW/PhD program at the University of California, Berkeley. Jenn has studied and performed community work in both Mexico and Southern Africa and also participated in the Young Adult Stewards Programme with the World Council of Churches in Geneva, Switzerland. She has also served as an anti-racism trainer for the national Episcopal Church. Her current clinical work and research focuses on the impact of trauma on particular communities locally and internationally, as well as homelessness,wealth distribution and the role of faith communities in social development.

Tuesday, June 17, 2008

"Jesus Weeps - and we share His Blood, Sweat and Tears" -- by Jenn Morazes

Over the past year, my faith in myself, in the world, in God and in justice has been formed and tested in a way I have not previously experienced. In contemplating how to capture my experience in this piece, I’m sitting here looking at the eight Millennium Development Goals and some of my past blogs on the EGR website. Among the core themes which emerge in my writing on this blog over the past year appear to be 1) emphasizing Fr. Lapsley’s recommendation of reconciliation as a Millennium Development Goal and relatedly, the centrality of anti-violence efforts in achieving the Millennium Development Goals 2) the importance of acknowledging the interplay between domestic and international dimensions of global poverty in achieving the MDGs 3) admitting and addressing the differences (as well as commonalities) in perspective and power between the first and two-thirds world, and 4) exploring the interrelatedness between physical and psychological consequences and dimensions of global poverty. The experience I have had recently vividly hits upon many of these core themes.

Millennium Development Goals two, three, four and five speak to the importance of health and equality for mothers and children in the enterprise of global poverty alleviation. From New Bedford, MA (the area where I grew up) to Marin County, CA (nearby my current area of residence in the Bay Area), ICE raids have made national headlines over the past year as family members have been split across national borders due to deportation. There is no doubt that children being separated from parents in an abrupt way can have ramifications upon physical and mental health. The effects of deportation upon parents and children are compounded when other elements such as poverty and violence are present. In fact, recent research called the Adverse Childhood Experience or ACE studies points to how challenging childhood experiences can affect one into the course of their adult life.

How does immigration to the US (documented and undocumented) relate to the MDGs? As acknowledged in a book I highly recommend called Jesus Weeps: Global Encounters on Our Doorstep by Harold Recinos, the author identifies how immigration patterns to the United States are influenced by global economic realities. Many of the mothers and fathers working in the factories and shipyards who faced deportation over this year (or were in fact deported) perhaps sought health and security for themselves and for their children – maybe because those conditions were not present in their country of origin. After the court hearings, some parents were unfortunately separated from the children they sought to assist. Although these raids have slipped from national attention, in my work over the past year of clinical training working with families in the Bay Area who have experienced violence, I have had my own confrontation with the impact of the ICE raids and with the weeping of Jesus. In the cases I have recently had involvement; I’ve personally worked with some mothers whose children in fact were US citizens when they themselves were not, so the risk of separation was even more present since the children would not have been necessarily deported along with them.

In two hearings, I participated in United States Federal Court Immigration proceedings, qualified as a clinically-trained “expert witness”. Some of the mothers I work with in family violence counseling are citizens of other countries, yet their children are US citizens due to their fathers’ citizenship. Some of the counseling I perform is due to domestic violence, as its not uncommon in cases like these to hear that the citizen parent had promised to marry the mother of the children, but then proceeded to use the mothers’ immigration status as leverage to continue the abuse (“Don’t tell, or I’ll tell and you’ll never see your children again”). In cases like these, its also not uncommon that when the mothers ultimately flee the abuse with their children and attempt to provide economically for them, ICE ultimately finds them. Sometimes, this can occur because the previous abuser or other family members call Homeland Security and provide a “tip” as “payback” for the mother’s leaving. The dynamics illustrate a microcosm of the interweaving of power relationships between male and female, and between first-world and two-thirds world.

The Violence Against Women Act or VAWA fortunately has afforded legal protection to parents and children in these cases. Yet the basis of this protection must be proven, many times by expert psychological testimony which can lend weight to the contention that the parent or children have been affected by abuse. Over the past six months, I was called upon to provide such testimony, for parents and children. Personally knowing the mothers and the children involved added an additional dimension to such an awesome responsibility. These were mothers and children I saw week to week – their smiles, their tears – I was a witness to their personal transformations as mothers emerged from violence to become more stable and secure for their children and children became more confident and were able to once again play and enjoy those around them. The thought of the parents becoming separated from their children was almost unbearable to me, yet I knew it happened everyday.

This experience shows in an interpersonal way how physical/psychological health, violence, domestic-international elements of global economic realities, and differences in perspective and power (as related in immigration policy) converge and impact real mothers and children. In the days before the hearings, I was preoccupied with mustering sufficient strength and faith. Many nights were sleepless. Here I was – a student of mental health and theology – enduring only a fraction of what some parents and children live everyday and, feeling a deep challenge to my faith. Finally, as I stood up on the stand facing the prosecuting attorney for the government, I felt like saying “You can’t handle The Truth!” like Colonel Jessup (played by Jack Nicholson) in A Few Good Men. Yet, the truth I couldn’t handle was the idea that even with my best effort in providing testimony, the rules and system could in fact separate these families - mothers and children I had known for the year of my training. I saw His tears in this possibility. Jesus wept.

Recently, I learned that the people in the cases for which I had testified had been granted green cards and allowed to stay in the United States with their children. I heard my heart pumping in my ears. After so many months – some “simple” pronouncements – and the waiting was over for these families. My waiting was over too. Yet the impact upon these families and the impact upon me still ring. They can stay together, remaining whole. I become more whole, too. I feel a profound honor to have served, to have used my skills in this way. And, it was an example to me of how we all share in the sweat and blood of an ongoing struggle for justice – a struggle which Jesus exemplified for all of us. This experience is an enduring reminder to me that the outcomes for Millennium Development Goals for which we strive – the alleviation of global poverty and violence -- live on in the lives of real mothers and children.




Some definitions of social development include anti-violence and peace efforts intrinsically within their frameworks; see Midgley (1995) for one example.

To protect the confidentiality of those involved, some of the descriptions and details in this account have been changed. The overall facts are preserved and true.

Jenn Morazes is a graduate of Episcopal Divinity School in the area of Theology and Contemporary Society. Currently studying in the School of Social Welfare in the MSW/PhD program at the University of California, Berkeley. Jenn has studied and performed community work in both Mexico and Southern Africa and also participated in the Young Adult Stewards Programme with the World Council of Churches in Geneva, Switzerland. She has also served as an anti-racism trainer for the national Episcopal Church. Her current clinical work and research focuses on the impact of trauma on particular communities locally and internationally, as well as homelessness,wealth distribution and the role of faith communities in social development.

Wednesday, May 14, 2008

"Love One Another: The Decade to Overcome Violence" -- by Jennifer Morazes


“Beloved, Let us love one another, because Love is from God. Whoever does not love does not know God, for God is love . . . God is love, and those who abide in love abide in God, and God abides in them . . . There is no fear in love, but perfect love casts out fear . . . The commandment we have from Him is this: Those who love God must love their brothers and sisters also.”

It sends chills down my spine to recite this particular passage. Isn’t it beautiful? For me, this passage is one of those which marks a cornerstone; one that, of the many messages of the gospels, points to at least one of their main themes.

Like the gospels themselves, it is difficult to pin down the “exact” message of the Decade to Overcome Violence. During my year in New York City working for the World Council of Churches, one of the main criticisms of the idea of this Decade was that it was too broad, not “exact” enough. “What kind of violence?” People would ask. The concept said everything and nothing at the same time, to some folks.

But to others’, including me, the Decade resonated deeply. Overcoming Violence spoke to me as a faith imperative, a faith imperative expressed in the above passage: Let Us Love One Another, because Love is from God. This is a perfect way to launch into what this Decade means for faith communities and for Americans. What I mean to convey to you today is not a formula or a program, but an introduction, a vision, and a spirit.

First, I have two stories for you, two stories which I would call Love Stories, but perhaps not in the tradition of George and Gracie, or even Brad and Angelina. These stories are about people I have cared about; and they are about people who, for me, were living examples of the impact of Love on our Lives, living proof that God is love, and those who abide in love abide in God, and God abides in them.

So, my first story is a local story, one that happened to me in my work in Boston last year, before working for the World Council. I went one night to a residential treatment program, as I was there to attend one of my client’s graduations. I worked as a reintegration specialist; this is a fancy way for saying I helped people in prison plan for their discharge, and followed up with them once they were out to assist them in carrying out their plans. So, I’ll call this client Jim in order to tell the story. Jim is a person I came to feel in awe of when I was in his presence, and I do not mean this in any idealistic, flimsy sense. Jim knew that he had made some bad choices, choices that affected both himself and others in his life. He had a criminal record about two inches thick, had spent maybe a third of his life in prison, and another third taking and dealing heroin. He had both scars in his arms and many nice cars to show for his efforts. In addition, Jim had AIDS, Hep C, and lived in daily physical pain. And, in the time that I had gotten to know Jim, he is very close to dying.

Yet, day in and day out, when he came into the program that I worked in, Jim did not complain. And so, as we would play Scrabble in the Drop In Center we would talk as I was getting creamed, and I would say, “Look, Jim, you have every right to be grieving, angry, upset. You don’t have to be so polite with me.” But Jim would not budge in his insistence that he was OK. Did he get angry? I’m sure. Did he cry, did part of him hate his situation? Yes. But one day he said to me “Look young lady, I’m not going to die in the street. I know people here care about me. I've got no reason to complain.” God, how brave he is, and what a spirit. He was a testament to John’s words: There is no fear is love; perfect love casts out fear.

Another story occurred half way around the world, in Southern Africa. Two years ago, I had the privilege of attending the Anglican Students’ Federation of Southern Africa’s yearly conference. I was inspired by the work of then student organizer Francisco Zandamela in his conviction that international ties must be formed around concerns such as viable economic solutions and HIV. The conference title was “Transforming Victims into Victors” and the point was that our call in our histories – personal, interpersonal, communal, even international – is not to be victimized by the past or what we may see as “failures." Instead, the process of identifying both the stones and seeds in our own hearts provides us with the potential for how we ALL can engage in the process of transforming our histories, through the promise of Christ, into victories.

Francisco almost single-handedly organized a conference for young adults on HIV, a very important conference for this very at risk population in Southern Africa. Through the conference, many young people were inspired to get tested and to change behaviors that may put them at risk. Another inspiring piece of the conference for me was seeing connections formed from people from very different parts of the world. For me, Francisco’s life, which ended tragically in a car crash six-months later, was a testament to John’s truth: Those who love God must love their brothers and sisters also.

So, one way to enter into the spirit of the Decade to Overcome Violence is by reflecting upon our own journeys of our selves in communities. Where have we beheld the transforming impact of love in overcoming violence? Our own histories can provide us with a lens through which to see others in our own and in different communities, appreciating both our similarities and differences and the power that lies in each. Here, from my own life, I describe two witnesses of love. There are many lessons to be gleaned about Love from these two stories, but the points I would emphasize as the take away message about love, is that 1) Love is Hard Work 2) We are the messengers, the bearers, the FRUITS of the Vine, of God’s love. And sometimes, recognizing that we are the FRUITS of God’s Love, is, in itself, the Hard work of Love. Within this lies a vision and a spirit of the Decade to Overcome Violence.

As you can tell, even though both of these stories are from my life, neither are about me directly, as a self-described “messenger of love.” In both cases, I was a little like Philip in the story of Philip and the Ethiopian Eunuch in Acts: God basically told me to get up and go. So, I got up and went. In both cases, I encountered someone: one person from a local community, another from a completely different country and context. In both cases, we had some similarities, but also some very significant differences, like the “Ethiopian” which Philip himself met. We sat side by side and shared, and we “baptized” each other from our exchanges.


Given our own stories, the example of Philip, the transforming impact of love and our place as “Fruits of the Vine”: Who are we being called to love, as members of a faith community, and as Americans with a place in today’s international scene? Where is our own hard work on Love’s behalf? How do we love people who are different, how do we form these connections, and how do we convince ourselves that we have the capacity to bring this love into reality?

So yes, here’s the hard part, why Love is such hard work: Even given Philip’s example today and the inspiring words of John and 1 John, to what extent do I, do we all believe the fact that we really are God’s fruits, to what extent do we believe, do we have faith in the fact that this love is in our hands? Thich Nat Hahn wrote in one of his books that as we move through life, we get “irritated hearts.” What an understatement! We’ve received messages from many places about how worthy or, perhaps even more memorable, how unworthy we are. We’ve received messages about what is “realistic,” or “possible.” What if Philip had considered his unworthiness or how “realistic” it was to joint the Ethiopian and never gotten into the chariot? A connection between two people, two very different people, would have been missed. And so would the opportunity for sacrament, for baptism.

The quote I think that best illustrates this process is one made by one of my spiritual mentors, Archbishop Desmond Tutu. He wrote and has preached that the most evil thing about apartheid is that it convinced God’s children that they were not God’s children. Working analogously and in synchronicity are the myriad ways in which we have encountered violence ourselves, the ways in which we have been told, even by those we care about and who care about us, that we are not the FRUITS that we are. In our minds, in our hearts, and even our physical bodies, we are not unlike Moses, who, as God has called us to Overcome Violence, we say “Oh God. But I have never been good with words. I don’t want to be responsible. Please ask someone else.”

In our imperfectness, our woundedness, we continue this cycle of hurt, we inflict it upon others and upon ourselves, internalizing the pain and even recreating the pain in our own lives. How many times in these cycles of violence do we either inflict our hurt upon another or internalize the hatred onto ourselves? And these realities, these conditions that run antithetical to love -- addiction, and trauma and oppression -- all make our hearts more than “irritated”, but downright festering wounds!

But, as Philip shows us, we can all get into the chariot. We can. Both Jim and Francisco, in different ways, exemplified love for me, and I had the gift of knowing them by climbing into the chariot, by taking that chance and trusting love. This is way we break the “cycle of violence” and Overcoming Violence, by being open to the possibilities and believing that we are worthy to receive them.

In this season of Easter, of rebirth and renewal, let us remember that love is a process, a verb, a condition, a way of being in the world with ourselves and others. Love exists in being, in being who we were created to be, in confronting the challenges of faith that have been set before us in our individual paths and I’ve climbing into the chariot next the “the Ethiopian,” as challenging as that be. We all have been given true examples of this process of love, in our lives and in the lives of our spiritual leaders, like Philip. Through Jesus’ being born against all odds in a manger and his acceptance of his call, love became. Through Mohammed answering God’s call and bringing his ministry into the world, love became. Through Hagar, Mohammed’s very great grandmother, through her cries in the wilderness and her calling upon God’s name (the first person in the Bible who did theology) the possibility of love was born. Love exists in the be-ing, this becoming, in the transformation of our grief and fears by making the choice to love and create the reality of unshakeable hope. Let us see ourselves as God’s branches, and reach, and bloom. Amen.

For the full text of this sermon, click here.

Jenn Morazes is a graduate of Episcopal Divinity School in the area of Theology and Contemporary Society. Currently studying in the School of Social Welfare in the MSW/PhD program at the University of California, Berkeley. Jenn has studied and performed community work in both Mexico and Southern Africa and also participated in the Young Adult Stewards Programme with the World Council of Churches in Geneva, Switzerland. She has also served as an anti-racism trainer for the national Episcopal Church. Her current clinical work and research focuses on the impact of trauma on particular communities locally and internationally, as well as homelessness,wealth distribution and the role of faith communities in social development.

Monday, April 14, 2008

"Developed and Developing World Frameworks on Poverty" -- by Jennifer Morazes

Recently, I was published with another graduate student colleague in the Journal of Human Behavior and the Social Environment as part of a special issue on Poverty from Multiple Social Science Perspectives. What intruiged me was comparing developed and developing world frameworks on poverty.

I address global poverty from the perspectives of both the developed world and developing world, comparing these poverty theories and their dominant themes and concepts. The major themes are definitions of poverty, main unit of focus or measurement, resource distribution and theories of interventions.

The first comparison involves how the developed and developing world differ in their definitions of poverty. While the idea of social exclusion in the European literature refers to intra-country poverty and the difference between included and excluded groups, the literature of the developing world reflects a two-pronged approach that focuses on the present global economic policies and their policies affect their local region. The developing world literature emphasizes the concept of access in contrast to the market-focused developed world perspective where poverty is regarded as an exception rather than the norm. Furthermore, the developed world theorists consider their own context primarily unless the analysis explicitly references “global poverty,” while the developing world inherently references the developed world in describing the relationships that contribute to poverty and lack of access.

The second point of comparison involves the locus of rights and responsibilities within the theoretical framework, or the unit of measurement in the poverty discussion. In the developed world analyses, the focus is on the individualistic concepts of “citizenship” and individual rights and responsibilities. In contrast, the literature of the developing world emphasizes collectively at the community and countries levels in relationship to resources and distribution. In addition, the developing world literature emphasizes basic human needs – (e.g. food, medicine, water, income) – rather than the abstract principles of “participation,” “inclusion”, or “benefits” in the literature of developed countries. Developed world theorists debate universal vs. selective approaches to welfare as well as individual vs. social blame, while developing world theorists focus upon specific attributes and needs of whole communities experiencing minimum incomes (e.g. less than $1 or $2/day).

To read the entire piece, including a chart that illuminates these conflicts, click here.

Jenn Morazes – graduate of Episcopal Divinity School in the area of Theology and Contemporary Society. Currently studying in the School of Social Welfare in the MSW/PhD program at the University of California, Berkeley. Jenn has studied and performed community work in both Mexico and Southern Africa and also participated in the Young Adult Stewards Programme with the World Council of Churches in Geneva, Switzerland. She has also served as an anti-racism trainer for the national Episcopal Church. Her current clinical work and research focuses on the impact of trauma on particular communities locally and internationally, as well as homelessness,wealth distribution and the role of faith communities in social development.